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the date was brought forward

  • 1 forward

    ˈfɔ:wəd
    1. прил.
    1) а) передний;
    мор. находящийся в передней части корабля б) передовой, прогрессивный;
    идущий впереди других, лидирующий в) направленный вперед, по ходу движения
    2) а) готовый, желающий (оказать какую-л. услугу и т. п.) Syn: ready, prompt, eager б) всюду сующийся;
    нахальный, наглый, развязный Syn: bold
    2), presumptuous, pert, bold, immodest
    3) а) заблаговременный, экон. форвардный( о закупках, контрактах) "Forward delivery" means that the goods will be delivered at a future date. ≈ Форвардная поставка означает, что товар будет поставлен к некоторой будущей дате. forward estimate б) прям. перен. ранний, скороспелый, преждевременный Syn: precocious
    2. нареч.
    1) а) с этого момента, отныне, впредь (обычно в выражениях типа from this day forward) - look forward Syn: henceforth, from now on б) коммерч. в будущем, потом;
    форвардно, вперед( о поставке, платеже) Maize still dear, but cheaper forward. ≈ Кукуруза все еще дорога, но в будущем подешевеет. to date forward
    2) вперед, от себя, дальше;
    мор. на носу корабля The river is rushing forward. ≈ Река бежит вперед. Syn: onward
    3) спереди, на виду, так, что нечто оказывается на обозрении Who are you, my good friend, who put yourself so forward? ≈ Кто ты, друг мой, что все время норовишь показаться? A young man who stands very forward in parliament. ≈ Очень заметный в парламенте молодой человек. - bring forwardbackward(s) and forward(s) ≈ взад и вперед to look forward to smth. ≈ предвкушать что-л.
    3. сущ.;
    спорт спорт нападающий, форвард ( в футболе, а также других играх)
    4. гл.
    1) а) прям. перен. ускорять, подталкивать вперед, помогать, способствовать To protect its rights and to forward its interests. ≈ Чтобы защитить свои права и удовлетворить свои интересы. Syn: hasten, quicken, advance, assist, promote б) с.-х. ускорять каким-л. методом рост растений
    2) отправлять, пересылать, комп. сл. форвардить (о почте, в частности, электронной) ;
    посылать, препровождать, переадресовывать( какое-л. лицо, просьбу, петицию и т.д.) (from;
    to) Please forward any letters to me while I'm on holiday. ≈ Пожалуйста, пересылайте мне всю мою почту, пока я в отпуске. Syn: send
    3) полигр. пересылать сшитую книгу в обложечную мастерскую, наклеив предварительно бумажную обложку
    5. межд. вперед! Ibrahim had but to cry "Forward", and Constantinople was his. ≈ Ибрагиму оставалось только крикнуть "Вперед!" и Константинополь падет к его ногам. (спортивное) нападающий (игрок) ;
    форвард - centre * центральный нападающий, центрфорвард передний, передовой - * echelon( военное) первый /головной/ эшелон передовой, прогрессивный - * magazine прогрессивный /передовой/ журнал - * movement прогрессивное движение рассчитанный на будущее - * planning перспективное планирование лучший, выдающийся - * pupil лучший ученик ранний - * spring ранняя весна - * for the season не по сезону ранний - to be * with one's work досрочно выполнить работу слишком рано развившийся - * child не по годам развитой ребенок радикальный, действенный, решительный готовый, стремящийся( что-л. сделать) - to be * to assist быть готовым помочь навязчивый;
    развязный, нахальный - * minx нахальная девчонка( коммерческое) заблаговременный;
    срочный, на определенный срок;
    будущий вперед, дальше - *! вперед! - to go * продолжать - to send * посылать вперед - to put * продвигать, выдвигать впредь, далее;
    вперед - from this time * с этого времени( впредь) > * and backward взад и вперед > to look * to smth. предвкушать что-л. > to put /to set/ oneself * важничать;
    быть о себе слишком высокого мнения > carriage * (коммерческое) за перевозку не уплачено;
    стоимость перевозки подлежит уплате получателем помогать, способствовать;
    ускорять - to * a plan продвигать проект - to * the growth of a plant ускорять рост растения продвигать по службе и т. п. - to * smb. in rank повышать кого-л. в ранге /в чине/ продвигать вперед (ленту, фотопленку в аппарате и т. п.) посылать, отправлять - to * goods отправлять товары по месту назначения пересылать;
    препровождать - to * letters to a new address пересылать письма по новому адресу (полиграфия) обрабатывать книжный блок backward(s) and ~(s) взад и вперед, to look forward (to smth.) предвкушать (что-л.) balance brought ~ сальдо к переносу на следующую страницу balance brought ~ сальдо с переноса с предыдущей страницы balance carried ~ сальдо к переносу на следующую страницу balance carried ~ сальдо с переноса с предыдущей страницы brought ~ (B/F) перенесенный на следующий год brought ~ (B/F) перенесенный на следующую страницу brought ~ to next year's account перенесенный на счет следующего года buy ~ бирж. покупать на срок carriage ~ за перевозку не уплачено carriage ~ стоимость перевозки подлежит уплате получателем carried ~ (C/F) бухг. к переносу carried ~ (C/F) бухг. перенесенный на будущий период carried ~ (C/F) бухг. перенесенный на другой счет carried ~ (C/F) бухг. перенесенный на другую страницу carried ~ (C/F) бухг. перенесено carry a balance ~ бухг. делать перенос сальдо на другой счет carry ~ to new account бухг. переносить на новый счет carry ~ to next year's account бухг. переносить на счет следующего года ~ спорт. нападающий (в футболе) ;
    centre forward центр нападения date ~ назначать ранний срок exchange dealers' ~ positions позиции биржевых дилеров по форвардным сделкам forward будущий ~ int вперед! ~ вперед, впредь;
    from this time forward с этого времени;
    to look forward смотреть в будущее ~ вперед;
    дальше ~ всюду сующийся;
    развязный;
    нахальный ~ выдающийся ~ готовый (помочь и т. п.) ~ заблаговременный (о закупках, контрактах) ;
    forward estimate предварительная смета или оценка ~ заблаговременный ~ идущий впереди других;
    работающий или успевающий лучше других ~ лучший ~ спорт. нападающий (в футболе) ;
    centre forward центр нападения ~ отправлять, пересылать;
    посылать, препровождать ~ отправлять ~ передний ~ передний ~ передовой, прогрессивный ~ передовой ~ пересылать ~ помогать ~ посылать ~ препровождать ~ ранний;
    скороспелый;
    преждевременный;
    необычно ранний ~ способствовать ~ срочный ~ ускорять;
    помогать, способствовать;
    to forward a scheme продвигать проект ~ ускорять ~ форвардный ~ экспедировать ~ ускорять;
    помогать, способствовать;
    to forward a scheme продвигать проект ~ заблаговременный (о закупках, контрактах) ;
    forward estimate предварительная смета или оценка freight ~ отправление грузов freight ~ фрахт, уплачиваемый в порту выгрузки ~ вперед, впредь;
    from this time forward с этого времени;
    to look forward смотреть в будущее funds brought ~ средства, перенесенные на другую страницу funds brought ~ средства, перенесенные на другой счет ~ вперед, впредь;
    from this time forward с этого времени;
    to look forward смотреть в будущее backward(s) and ~(s) взад и вперед, to look forward (to smth.) предвкушать (что-л.) look ~ to предвкушать loss brought ~ убытки, перенесенные на следующую страницу loss brought ~ убытки, перенесенные на последующий период pointing ~ указывающий вперед profit brought ~ прибыль, перенесенная на следующий период put ~ выдвигать put ~ заходить в порт put ~ назначать на должность put ~ предъявлять put: ~ forward выдвигать, предлагать ~ forward передвигать вперед (о стрелках часов) ~ forward продвигать (кого-л.), содействовать( кому-л.) sell ~ продавать на срок sell ~ продавать с будущей поставкой

    Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > forward

  • 2 bring forward

    bring forward [sth.], bring [sth.] forward
    1) (make sooner) anticipare [ meeting] (by di)
    2) (propose) avanzare [ proposals]; presentare [ bill]
    * * *
    1) ((also put forward) to bring to people's attention; to cause to be discussed etc: They will consider the suggestions which you have brought/put forward.) avanzare
    2) (to make to happen at an earlier date; to advance in time: They have brought forward the date of their wedding by one week.) anticipare
    * * *
    vt + adv
    1) (person) far venire avanti, (chair) spostare in avanti, (witness, proof) produrre
    2) (advance time of: meeting) anticipare
    3) Book-keeping riportare
    * * *
    bring forward [sth.], bring [sth.] forward
    1) (make sooner) anticipare [ meeting] (by di)
    2) (propose) avanzare [ proposals]; presentare [ bill]

    English-Italian dictionary > bring forward

  • 3 bring

    [briŋ]
    past tense, past participle - brought; verb
    1) (to make (something or someone) come (to or towards a place): I'll bring plenty of food with me; Bring him to me!) trazer
    2) (to result in: This medicine will bring you relief.) dar
    - bring back
    - bring down
    - bring home to
    - bring off
    - bring round
    - bring up
    * * *
    [briŋ] vt (ps and pp brought) 1 trazer, vir com alguém ou com alguma coisa, levar, conduzir. bring me my shoes / traga meus sapatos. bring your friend with you / traga seu amigo. 2 fazer vir. 3 influenciar, persuadir, convencer, guiar. I could not bring him to confess / não consegui levá-lo a confessar. 4 Jur apresentar perante a corte. 5 aduzir, alegar. 6 vender por. 7 provocar, causar. 8 produzir. he brought down the house Theat ele provocou aplausos entusiásticos. he brought home the bacon sl ele sustentava a casa. he was brought about to ele foi persuadido a, ele foi levado a. he was brought in (not) guilt Jur ele foi declarado (não) culpado. he was brought low ele foi derrubado, ele ficou doente. I bring my body under domino meu corpo. I brought him off a) ajudei-o a escapar. b) desaconselhei-o. I brought it off coll eu o consegui, eu o resolvi. I brought the child away with me trouxe a criança comigo. I brought them together reconciliei-os, levei-os a fazerem as pazes. it was brought about foi realizado, foi efetuado. it was brought home to him ele foi posto a par, foi-lhe dito seriamente. she was brought to ela voltou a si. that brings it all back to me isso me faz lembrar de tudo. the ship brought to o navio meteu de capa, pôs-se em capa, virou, parou. the subject was brought up o assunto foi trazido à baila. the sum was brought forward a quantia foi transferida. to bring back devolver. to bring down a) abaixar, trazer para baixo. b) arrancar, demolir, derrubar. the roof was brought down / o telhado foi demolido (desmontado). he brought down the plane / ele derrubou o avião. c) baixar, reduzir (preço). to bring forth produzir, criar, gerar, dar cria. to bring forward fazer progredir, apresentar, trazer, alegar. the bill was brought forward / o projeto de lei foi apresentado. to bring home levar para casa. to bring in a) trazer para dentro. b) importar (mercadorias). c) produzir. d) sondar. to bring into account levar em conta, calcular. to bring into force entrar em vigor. to bring into play pôr em jogo, fazer agir. to bring into question pôr em dúvida, duvidar. to bring into the world dar à luz. to bring on provocar, ocasionar, causar. the crisis brought on misery / a crise trouxe miséria. to bring out a) levar para fora, pôr para fora. b) apresentar, fazer sair, publicar. the young girl was brought out / a moça foi apresentada (à sociedade). c) lançar, exibir, pôr em cena (peça teatral). to bring over converter. to bring the heart into one’s mouth abrir-se, dar demonstração dos seus sentimentos. to bring through restaurar, curar, fazer sobreviver (doentes). to bring to pass causar, originar. to bring up a) criar, educar. b) construir, erigir. c) inventar (moda). d) Naut ancorar. the ship brought up / o navio ancorou. to bring up the rear a) Mil formar a retaguarda, comandar a retaguarda, cobrir a retirada. b) fig ser dos últimos. to bring up-to-date modernizar, pôr em dia.

    English-Portuguese dictionary > bring

  • 4 bring

    brɪŋ гл., прош. вр и прич. пр. вр. - brought
    1) приносить, привозить;
    приводить;
    доставлять( куда-л. - to) They are going to bring one of their friends with them. ≈ Они собираются привести с собой одного своего друга. Аny goods brought to our country must be carefully checked. ≈ Всякий продукт, поступающий в нашу страну, должен проходить тщательный осмотр. Syn: carry
    1., fetch I
    1., lead II
    2., convey
    1., transport
    2., conduct
    2.
    2) доводить( to - до чего-л., какого-л. состояния) ;
    приводить (to a state of - в какое-л. состояние) Having him talking all the time usually brings me to a state of exhaustion. ≈ Его разговоры обычно сильно утомляют меня. He always brings everything to an end. ≈ Он всегда доводит все до конца. Bring water to a/the boil. ≈ Доведите воду до кипения. to bring an end to smth. ≈ прекращать;
    заканчивать что-л. The water brought my shoes to a state of a total mess. ≈ Вода привела мои туфли в состояние полной негодности. The statement brought him into a state of furious anger. ≈ Это заявление привело его в состояние бешенства. I had to bring the car to a halt for I couldn't keep my eyes on the road anymore. ≈ Мне пришлось на время остановиться, так как я уже не мог следить за дорогой. bring to a dead end
    3) заставлять, убеждать( кого-л. сделать что-л.) to bring smb. to do smth.заставить( кого-л.) сделать (что-л.)
    4) выдвигать (аргументы и т.п.), приводить (доводы и т. п.) ;
    возбуждать (дело) to bring legal action against smb. ≈ возбудить дело против кого-л. to bring charges against smb. ≈ выдвигать обвинения против кого-л. ∙ bring about bring along bring around bring away bring back bring before bring down bring forth bring forward bring home to bring in bring in on bring into bring low bring off bring on bring out bring out in bring over bring round bring through bring to bring together bring under bring up bring up against bring up to bring upon bring within to bring smb. to grips with somethingусложнять жизнь кому-л чем-л. to bring smb. to himself ≈ приводить кого-л. в сознание to bring smb. to his knees ≈ разбить кого-л. полностью to bring smth. to life ≈ оживлять что-л. to bring smth. to rest ≈ останавливать что-л. to bring smb. to his senses ≈ приводить кого-л. в сознание bring to the fore bring down a peg or two bring in a verdict bring in on the ground floor bring to the ground bring to ruin bring to the boil bring to a head bring to such a pass bring to such a pretty pass приносить - * your books with you принесите с собой книги - * me a cup, please! принеси мне, пожалуйста, чашку! (тж. * along, * over, * round) приводить (с собой) - * your friend with you next time you come когда вы придете в следующий раз, приведите с собой своего приятеля - why don't you * your brother along? почему вы не приведете с собой своего брата? - what *s you here today? что привело вас сюда сегодня? - a shriek brought him to the door услышав крик, он кинулся к двери (тж. * round) привозить, доставлять - to * to market пустить в продажу, выбросить на рынок - they brought him safe to land его благополучно доставили на землю /на сушу/ - he brought his wife a handsome present from town он привез жене из города прекрасный подарок - the goods were brought (round) early this morning товар был доставлен сегодня рано утром предать в руки закона - to * a criminal to justice (юридическое) предать преступника суду, отдать преступника в руки правосудия вызывать, влечь за собой, быть причиной (тж. * forth, * on) - to * (on) a fever вызывать лихорадку - this sad news brought tears to her eyes печальное известие вызвало у нее слезы - it brought a blush to her cheeks это заставило ее покраснеть - spring *s warm weather весна несет с собой тепло - the inclement weather brought (forth) a host of diseases холодная погода вызвала массовые заболевания (to) довести( до чего-л.) - to * the score to... (спортивное) довести счет до... (into) вводить в действие и т. п.) - to * into vogue /fashion/ вводить в моду - to * into action приводить в действие;
    вводить в бой приносить доход, прибыль - the goods brought low prices товар продан по низкой цене - his literary work *s him but a small income литературная работа приносит ему небольшой доход - how much did your fruit crop * last year? сколько вы выручили за продажу прошлогоднего урожая фруктов - used cars brought a good price in the summer летом подержанные машины удалось продать по хорошей цене возбуждать (дело) - to * an action against smb. возбудить дело против кого-л. предъявлять( доказательства) - to * charges against a person выдвинуть обвинения против кого-л. заставлять, вынуждать;
    убеждать - I wish I could * you to see my point я бы хотел, чтобы вы поняли мою точку зрения - I cannot * myself to believe не могу заставить себя поверить - I wish I could * you to see the wisdom of my plan я хочу, чтобы вы поняли разумность моего плана - I can't * myself to take strong action я не могу заставить себя принять строгие меры - to bring smth., smb. into /to/ a state приводить что-л., кого-л. в какое-л. состояние;
    приводить к чему-л.;
    доводить до чего-л. - to * to ruin разорить, довести до разорения;
    погубить - to * smb. to disgrace опозорить кого-л. - to * to an end /to a close/ довести до конца, завершить - to * water to the boil довести воду до кипения - to * to profit сделать прибыльным - to * to gallop перейти в галоп - to * smb. to his senses приводить кого-л. в чувство - the feeling of coldness brought him to himself ощущение холода привело его в чувство - to * into accord согласовывать, приводить к согласию - to * into step приводить в соответствие;
    (техническое) синхронизировать - to * into discredit навлечь дурную славу, дискредитировать - to * into comparison сравнивать - to * into production( специальное) эксплуатировать - to * into the open раскрывать, делать достоянием гласности - the goverment must * this shameful affair into the open правительство должно предать гласности это позорное дело - to * into contact( with) помочь встретиться, свести - he was brought into contact with her through an interest in music их свел интерес к музыке - to * into force вводить в силу;
    проводить в жизнь, осуществлять - to * into sight /view/ делать видимым - to bring smth. to a stand /to a halt/ останавливать - to * a motor-car to a halt остановить машину - the train was brought to a standstill поезд остановился - to bring smth., smb. under control подчинять, покорять что-л., кого-л. - to * a fire under control ликвидировать пожар > to * to account призвать к ответу, потребовать объяснения > to * to book призвать к ответу, потребовать объяснения;
    начать расследование > to * in on the ground floor( разговорное) начинать с низов > to * to light обнаружить, раскрыть;
    вывести на чистую воду > to * to naught сводить на нет;
    сводить к нулю;
    разорить, погубить > to * to the hammer продавать с молотка > to * to a head обострять что-л., вызывать кризис;
    доводить что-л. до конца, заканчивать что-л. > to * to grass (горное) выдавать на-гора > to * into being создавать, вызывать к жизни > to * into life /into the world/ родить, производить на свет > to * into line (with) поставить в один ряд (с) ;
    добиться единства взглядов;
    согласовать;
    заставить подчиняться( правилам, принципам и т. п.) > to * into play приводить в действие, пускать в ход > to * light into smth. (редкое) проливать свет на что-л. > to * on the strength( военное) заносить в списки части > to * up to date ввести кого то в курс дела > to * low повалить( на землю) ;
    подрывать (здоровье, положение) ;
    подавлять, унижать > to * to bear оказывать давление;
    использовать, пускать в ход;
    осуществлять что-л.;
    (военное) направлять (огонь) > to * influence to bear on оказывать влияние на > to * pressure to bear upon smb. оказывать давление на кого-л. > to * to pass вызывать, быть причиной > to * down the house вызвать бурные аплодисменты( в театре, в зале, на собрании) > to * up the rear замыкать шествие, идти последним > to * the water to smb.'s mouth разжигать чей-л. аппетит > to * home to smb. заставить кого-л. понять /почувствовать/, довести до чьего-л. сознания;
    уличить кого-л. > to * in by head and shoulders притянуть за волосы (аргумент, довод и т. п.) > to * smb. back /down/ to earth заставить кого-л. спуститься с облаков на землю > to * smb. to his wit's end поставить кого-л. в тупик, озадачить кого-л. > to * oil to the fire подливать масла в огонь > to * one's eggs to a bad /wrong/ market потерпеть неудачу, просчитаться > to * one's eggs to a fair /fine/ market (ироничное) потерпеть неудачу, просчитаться bring влечь за собой, причинять;
    доводить (to - до) ;
    to bring to an end довести до конца, завершить;
    to bring water to the boil довести воду до кипения ~ возбуждать (дело) ;
    to bring an action( against smb.) возбудить дело (против кого-л.) ;
    to bring charges (against smb.) выдвигать обвинения (против кого-л.) ~ заставлять, убеждать;
    to bring oneself to do (smth.) заставить себя сделать (что-л.) ~ (brought) приносить, доставлять, приводить, привозить ~ приносить brought: brought past и p. p. от bring ~ about влечь за собой ~ about вызывать ~ about осуществлять ~ about служить причиной ~ back вызывать, воскрешать в памяти, напоминать ~ back приносить обратно ~ before a court возбуждать судебное дело ~ before a court обращаться в суд ~ before a court предавать суду ~ before a judge предъявлять судье для рассмотрения ~ возбуждать (дело) ;
    to bring an action (against smb.) возбудить дело (против кого-л.) ;
    to bring charges (against smb.) выдвигать обвинения (против кого-л.) ~ down подстрелить( птицу) ~ down сбивать (самолет) ~ down снижать (цены) ~ down снижать цены fetch: ~ away вырваться, освободиться;
    fetch down = bring down;
    fetch out выявлять;
    выделять;
    оттенять to ~ down fire воен. открыть огонь, накрыть огнем;
    to bring to a head обострять;
    to bring to bear influence употреблять власть, оказывать влияние ~ forth производить, порождать ~ forward выдвигать (предложение) ~ forward делать перенос (счета) на следующую страницу forward: bring ~ делать перенос сальдо на другой счет bring ~ делать перенос счета на следующую страницу ~ in арестовывать ~ in вводить ~ in ввозить, импортировать ~ in вносить (законопроект, предложение) ~ in вносить на рассмотрение ~ in выносить (приговор) ;
    to bring in guilty выносить обвинительный приговор ~ in выносить приговор ~ in выносить решение ~ in задерживать ~ in импортировать ~ in приносить (доход) ~ in a verdict вносить на рассмотрение ~ in выносить (приговор) ;
    to bring in guilty выносить обвинительный приговор to ~ into action вводить в бой, в дело to ~ into action приводить в действие to ~ into being вводить в действие to ~ into play приводить в действие play: ~ действие, деятельность;
    to bring (или to call) into play приводить в действие, пускать в ход to ~ into step синхронизировать step: to turn one's ~s направиться;
    to bring into step согласовать во времени ~ off (успешно) завершать ~ off спасать ~ on навлекать, вызывать ~ заставлять, убеждать;
    to bring oneself to do (smth.) заставить себя сделать (что-л.) ~ out вывозить( девушку в свет) ~ out высказывать (мнение и т. п.) ;
    выявлять ~ out опубликовывать;
    ставить (пьесу) ~ out воен. снять с фронта, отвести в тыл ~ over переубедить;
    привлечь на свою сторону ~ over приводить с собой ~ round доставлять ~ round переубеждать ~ round приводить в себя, в сознание ~ through вылечить ~ through подготовить к экзаменам ~ through провести через( какие-л. трудности) ~ to мор. остановить(ся) ( о судне) ~ to приводить в сознание to: ~ bring ~ привести в сознание;
    to come to прийти в сознание;
    to and fro взад и вперед to ~ to a fixed proportion установить определенное соотношение to ~ down fire воен. открыть огонь, накрыть огнем;
    to bring to a head обострять;
    to bring to bear influence употреблять власть, оказывать влияние head: to bring to a ~ доводить до конца;
    быть на первом месте to bring to a ~ обострять bring влечь за собой, причинять;
    доводить (to - до) ;
    to bring to an end довести до конца, завершить;
    to bring water to the boil довести воду до кипения to ~ down fire воен. открыть огонь, накрыть огнем;
    to bring to a head обострять;
    to bring to bear influence употреблять власть, оказывать влияние ~ to the notice of court уведомлять о явке в суд ~ together свести вместе( спорящих, враждующих) ~ under включать, заносить ( в графу, категорию и т. п.) ~ under осваивать;
    to bring under cultivation с.-х. вводить в культуру ~ under подчинять under: ~ внизу;
    to bring under подчинять;
    to keep under искоренять, не давать распространяться ~ under осваивать;
    to bring under cultivation с.-х. вводить в культуру ~ up мор. поставить или стать на якорь ~ up вскармливать, воспитывать ~ up вырвать, стошнить ~ up делать известным ~ up поднимать (вопрос) ;
    заводить( разговор) ~ up привлекать к суду ~ up приводить, приносить наверх ~ up увеличивать;
    to bring up the score спорт. увеличивать счет ~ up увеличивать;
    to bring up the score спорт. увеличивать счет ~ up to date дополнять в соответствии с новыми данными ~ up to date изменять в соответствии с новыми данными to ~ up to date модернизировать ~ up to date модернизировать ~ up to date приводить в ажур расчеты to ~ up to date ставить в известность;
    вводить в курс дела bring влечь за собой, причинять;
    доводить (to - до) ;
    to bring to an end довести до конца, завершить;
    to bring water to the boil довести воду до кипения ~ your own (BYO) приносить свои продукты питания и питье

    Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > bring

  • 5 bring

    bring [brɪŋ]
    amener ⇒ (a), (b), (d), (e) apporter ⇒ (a) provoquer ⇒ (c) rapporter ⇒ (g)
    (pt & pp brought [brɔ:t]) transitive verb
    (a) (take → animal, person, vehicle) amener; (→ object) apporter; (→ fashion, idea, product) introduire, lancer;
    I'll bring the books (across) tomorrow j'apporterai les livres demain;
    her father's bringing her home today son père la ramène à la maison aujourd'hui;
    what brings you here? qu'est-ce qui vous amène?;
    can you bring me a beer, please? vous pouvez m'apporter une bière, s'il vous plaît?;
    that brings the total to £350 cela fait 350 livres en tout;
    he brought his dog with him il a emmené son chien;
    did you bring anything with you? as-tu apporté quelque chose?;
    black musicians brought jazz to Europe les musiciens noirs ont introduit le jazz en Europe;
    this programme is brought to you by the BBC ce programme est diffusé par la BBC
    (b) (into specified state) entraîner, amener;
    to bring sth into play faire jouer qch;
    to bring sth into question mettre ou remettre qch en question;
    to bring sb to his/her senses ramener qn à la raison;
    to bring sth to an end or a close or a halt mettre fin à qch;
    to bring sth to sb's attention or knowledge or notice attirer l'attention de qn sur qch;
    to bring a child into the world mettre un enfant au monde;
    to bring sth to light mettre qch en lumière, révéler qch;
    to bring sth to mind rappeler qch;
    to bring sth onto the market introduire qch sur le marché
    (c) (produce) provoquer, causer;
    her performance brought wild applause son interprétation a provoqué un tonnerre d'applaudissements;
    to bring sth upon sb attirer qch sur qn;
    her foolhardiness brought misfortune upon the family son imprudence a attiré le malheur sur la famille;
    you've brought it on yourself vous l'avez cherché;
    you bring credit to the firm vous faites honneur à la société;
    it brings bad/good luck ça porte malheur/bonheur;
    he brought a sense of urgency to the project il a fait accélérer le projet;
    to bring new hope to sb redonner de l'espoir à qn;
    the story brought tears to my eyes l'histoire m'a fait venir les larmes aux yeux;
    his speech brought jeers from the audience son discours lui a valu les huées de l'assistance;
    money does not always bring happiness l'argent ne fait pas toujours le bonheur;
    the winter brought more wind and rain l'hiver a amené encore plus de vent et de pluie;
    tourism has brought prosperity to the area le tourisme a enrichi la région;
    who knows what the future will bring? qui sait ce que l'avenir nous/lui/ etc réserve?
    (d) (force) amener;
    she can't bring herself to speak about it elle n'arrive pas à en parler;
    her performance brought the audience to its feet les spectateurs se sont levés pour l'applaudir
    (e) (lead) mener, amener;
    the path brings you straight (out) into the village ce chemin vous mène (tout) droit au village;
    the shock brought him to the verge of a breakdown le choc l'a mené au bord de la dépression nerveuse;
    to bring sb into a conversation/discussion faire participer qn à une conversation/discussion;
    that brings us to the next question cela nous amène à la question suivante
    to bring an action or a suit against sb intenter un procès à ou contre qn;
    to bring a charge against sb porter une accusation contre qn;
    the case was brought before the court l'affaire a été déférée au tribunal;
    he was brought before the court il a comparu devant le tribunal;
    the murderer must be brought to justice l'assassin doit être traduit en justice;
    to bring evidence avancer ou présenter des preuves
    (g) (financially) rapporter;
    her painting only brings her a few thousand pounds a year ses peintures ne lui rapportent que quelques milliers de livres par an
    (a) (cause → changes, war) provoquer, amener, entraîner; (→ reconciliation) amener; (→ person's downfall) entraîner; (→ accident) provoquer, causer;
    what brought about his dismissal? pourquoi a-t-il été renvoyé exactement?, quel est le motif de son renvoi?
    (b) Nautical faire virer de bord
    (person) amener; (thing) apporter
    (memories, impressions) garder
    (a) (fetch → person) ramener; (→ thing) rapporter;
    no amount of crying will bring him back pleurer ne le ramènera pas à la vie;
    Law to bring a case back before the court ressaisir le tribunal d'un dossier
    (b) (restore) restaurer;
    the news brought a smile back to her face la nouvelle lui a rendu le sourire;
    they're bringing back miniskirts ils relancent la minijupe;
    to bring sb back to life ranimer qn
    (c) (evoke → memory) rappeler (à la mémoire);
    that brings it all back to me ça réveille tous mes souvenirs
    to bring sb by amener qn
    (a) (fetch → person) amener; (→ thing) descendre, apporter
    (b) (reduce → prices, temperature) faire baisser; (→ currency) déprécier, avilir; (→ birthrate, inflation, unemployment, swelling) réduire
    (c) (cause to land → kite) ramener (au sol); (→ plane) faire atterrir
    (d) (cause to fall → prey) descendre; (→ plane, enemy, tree) abattre;
    her performance brought the house down son interprétation lui a valu des applaudissements à tout rompre
    (e) Politics (overthrow) faire tomber, renverser
    (g) familiar (depress) déprimer, donner le cafard à
    (h) literary (provoke → anger) attirer;
    to bring down the wrath of God on sb attirer la colère de Dieu sur qn;
    stop making so much noise or you'll bring the headmaster down on us ne fais pas tant de bruit, tu vas attirer l'attention du proviseur sur nous
    (a) (produce → fruit) produire; (→ child) mettre au monde; (→ animal) mettre bas
    (b) (elicit) provoquer
    (a) (present → person) faire avancer; (→ argument) avancer, présenter; Law (→ witness) produire; Law (→ evidence) avancer, présenter
    (b) (chair etc) avancer
    (c) Administration (move → date, meeting) avancer;
    the conference has been brought forward to the 28th la conférence a été avancée au 28
    (d) Accountancy reporter;
    brought forward reporté
    (a) (fetch in → person) faire entrer; (→ thing) rentrer;
    to bring in the harvest rentrer la moisson;
    they want to bring a new person in ils veulent prendre quelqu'un d'autre;
    we will have to bring in the police il faudra faire intervenir la ou faire appel à la police;
    to bring sb in for questioning emmener qn au poste de police pour l'interroger
    (b) (introduce → laws, system) introduire, présenter; (→ fashion) lancer;
    the government has brought in a new tax bill le gouvernement a présenté ou déposé un nouveau projet de loi fiscal;
    can I just bring in a new point? est-ce que je peux faire une autre remarque?
    (c) (yield, produce) rapporter;
    to bring in interest rapporter des intérêts;
    tourism brings in millions of dollars each year le tourisme rapporte des millions de dollars tous les ans;
    her work doesn't bring in much money son travail ne lui rapporte pas grand-chose
    (d) Law (verdict) rendre;
    they brought in a verdict of guilty ils l'ont déclaré coupable
    (a) British familiar (trick) réussir ; (plan) réaliser ; Commerce (deal) conclure, mener à bien ;
    did you manage to bring it off? avez-vous réussi votre coup?
    (b) Sport (player) faire sortir
    (c) (person → from ship) débarquer;
    the injured men will be brought off by helicopter les blessés seront évacués en hélicoptère
    to bring sb off branler qn;
    to bring oneself off se branler
    (a) (induce) provoquer, causer;
    the shock brought on a heart attack le choc a provoqué une crise cardiaque;
    humorous what brought this on? (why are you offering to help?) qu'est-ce que tu me caches?
    (b) (encourage) encourager;
    the warm weather has really brought on the flowers la chaleur a bien fait pousser les fleurs;
    the idea is to bring on new tennis players il s'agit d'encourager de nouveaux tennismen
    (c) Theatre (person) amener sur scène; (thing) apporter sur scène;
    please bring on our next contestant faites entrer le concurrent suivant
    (d) Sport (substitute) faire entrer
    (a) (take out → person) faire sortir; (→ thing) sortir
    (b) Commerce (commercially → product, style) lancer; (→ record) sortir; (→ book) publier
    (c) (accentuate) souligner;
    that colour brings out the green in her eyes cette couleur met en valeur le vert de ses yeux;
    her performance brought out the character's comic side son interprétation a fait ressortir le côté comique du personnage;
    to bring out the best/worst in sb faire apparaître qn sous son meilleur/plus mauvais jour;
    humorous it brings out the beast in me cela réveille l'animal qui est en moi
    (d) British Medicine (in rash, spots)
    strawberries bring me out in spots les fraises me donnent des boutons
    (e) (encourage → person) encourager;
    he's very good at bringing people out (of themselves) il sait très bien s'y prendre pour mettre les gens à l'aise;
    the sun has brought out the roses le soleil a fait s'épanouir les roses
    (f) Industry (workers) appeler à la grève;
    they're threatening to bring everyone out (on strike) ils menacent d'appeler tout le monde à faire grève
    to bring out new shares émettre de nouvelles actions
    (take → person) amener; (→ thing) apporter
    (a) (take → person) amener; (→ thing) apporter;
    British figurative I brought the conversation round to marriage j'ai amené la conversation sur le mariage
    (b) (revive) ranimer
    (c) (persuade) convaincre, convertir;
    to bring sb round to a point of view convertir ou amener qn à un point de vue
    he brought the country through the depression il a réussi à faire sortir le pays de la dépression;
    the doctors brought me through my illness grâce aux médecins, j'ai survécu à ma maladie
    (a) (revive) ranimer
    (b) Nautical mettre en panne
    (a) (people) réunir; (facts) rassembler
    (b) (introduce) mettre en contact, faire se rencontrer;
    her brother brought them together son frère les a fait se rencontrer
    (c) (reconcile) réconcilier;
    Industry an arbitrator is trying to bring the two sides together un médiateur essaie de réconcilier les deux parties
    (a) (take → person) amener; (→ thing) monter
    (b) (child) élever;
    to be well/badly brought up être bien/mal élevé;
    I was brought up to be polite on m'a appris la politesse
    (c) (mention → fact, problem) signaler, mentionner; (→ question) soulever;
    don't bring that up again ne remettez pas cela sur le tapis;
    we won't bring it up again nous n'en reparlerons plus
    (d) (vomit) vomir, rendre
    to bring sb up before a judge citer ou faire comparaître qn devant un juge
    (f) (move forward → troops) faire avancer; (→ reinforcements, fresh supplies etc) faire venir
    to bring sb/sth up to professional standard élever qn/qch à un niveau professionnel

    Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > bring

  • 6 Historical Portugal

       Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.
       A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.
       Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140
       The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."
       In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.
       The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.
       Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385
       Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in
       Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.
       The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.
       Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580
       The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.
       The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.
       What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.
       By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.
       Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.
       The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.
       By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.
       In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.
       Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640
       Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.
       Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.
       On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.
       Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822
       Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.
       Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.
       In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the
       Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.
       Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.
       Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.
       Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910
       During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.
       Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.
       Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.
       Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.
       Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.
       As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.
       First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26
       Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.
       The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.
       Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.
       The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74
       During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."
       Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.
       For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),
       and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.
       The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.
       With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.
       During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.
       The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.
       At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.
       The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.
       Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76
       Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.
       Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.
       In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.
       In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.
       In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.
       The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until
       UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.
       Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000
       After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.
       From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.
       Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.
       Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.
       In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.
       In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.
       Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.
       Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.
       The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.
       Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.
       Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).
       All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.
       The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.
       After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.
       Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.
       Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.
       From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.
       Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.
       In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.
       An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal

  • 7 move

    move [mu:v]
    mouvement1 (a) déménagement1 (b) changement d'emploi1 (c) pas1 (d) tour1 (e) déplacer2 (a), 2 (c) bouger2 (a), 3 (a) transférer2 (b) déménager2 (d), 3 (f) émouvoir2 (e) pousser2 (f) céder2 (g) partir3 (d) jouer3 (e) se déplacer3 (e) avancer3 (h)
    1 noun
    (a) (movement) mouvement m;
    with one move she was by his side en un éclair, elle fut à ses côtés;
    one move out of you and you're dead! un seul geste et tu es mort!;
    he made a move to take out his wallet il s'apprêta à sortir son portefeuille;
    the police were watching her every move la police surveillait ses moindres gestes;
    to make a move (leave) y aller, bouger;
    it's late, I ought to be making a move il se fait tard, il faut que j'y aille ou que je parte;
    she made a move to leave elle se leva pour partir;
    familiar to get a move on se grouiller;
    familiar get a move on! grouille-toi!, active!
    (b) (change of home, premises) déménagement m;
    how did the move go? comment s'est passé le déménagement?;
    we're considering a move to bigger premises nous envisageons d'emménager dans des locaux plus spacieux
    (c) (change of job) changement m d'emploi;
    after ten years in the same firm she felt it was time for a move après dix ans dans la même société elle avait le sentiment qu'il était temps de changer d'air ou d'horizon
    (d) (step, measure) pas m, démarche f;
    she made the first move elle a fait le premier pas;
    she wondered when he would make his move elle se demandait quand il allait se décider;
    don't make a move without contacting me ne fais rien sans me contacter;
    familiar to make a move on sb faire des avances à qn;
    the new management's first move was to increase all salaries la première mesure de la nouvelle direction a été de relever tous les salaires;
    at one time there was a move to expand à un moment, on avait envisagé de s'agrandir;
    what do you think their next move will be? selon vous, que vont-ils faire maintenant?;
    they made an unsuccessful move to stop the war ils firent une tentative infructueuse pour arrêter la guerre;
    the government has made moves towards resolving the problem le gouvernement a pris des mesures pour résoudre le problème
    (e) (in games → turn to move) tour m; (→ act of moving) coup m; (→ way piece moves) marche f;
    it's my move c'est à moi (de jouer);
    Chess white mates in two moves les blancs font mat en deux coups;
    white always has first move c'est toujours les blancs qui commencent;
    in chess the first thing to learn is the moves la première chose à apprendre aux échecs, c'est la façon dont les pièces se déplacent sur l'échiquier ou le déplacement des pièces sur l'échiquier
    (a) (put elsewhere → object) déplacer; (→ part of body) bouger, remuer; (in games → piece) jouer;
    this key moves the cursor towards the right cette touche déplace le curseur vers la droite;
    move the lever to the left poussez le levier vers la gauche;
    we moved all the chairs indoors/outdoors nous avons rentré/sorti toutes les chaises;
    move your chair closer to the table rapproche ta chaise de la table;
    we've moved the couch into the spare room nous avons mis le canapé dans la chambre d'amis;
    move all those papers off the table! enlève tous ces papiers de la table!, débarrasse la table de tous ces papiers!;
    don't move anything on my desk ne touche à rien sur mon bureau;
    I can't move my leg je n'arrive pas à bouger la jambe;
    can you move your leg (out of the way), please est-ce que tu peux pousser ta jambe, s'il te plaît?;
    move your head to the left inclinez la tête vers la gauche;
    he moves his lips when he reads il remue les lèvres en lisant;
    Chess she moved a pawn elle a joué un pion;
    familiar move it! grouille-toi!
    (b) (send elsewhere → prisoner, troops etc) transférer;
    move all these people out of the courtyard faites sortir tous ces gens de la cour;
    she's been moved to the New York office/to accounts elle a été mutée au bureau de New York/affectée à la comptabilité;
    he asked to be moved to a room with a sea view il a demandé qu'on lui donne une chambre avec vue sur la mer;
    troops are being moved into the area des troupes sont envoyées dans la région;
    he's decided to move his family to England (he is in England) il a décidé de faire venir sa famille en Angleterre; (he is elsewhere) il a décidé d'envoyer sa famille en Angleterre
    the meeting has been moved to Friday (postponed) la réunion a été remise à vendredi; (brought forward) la réunion a été avancée à vendredi
    (d) (to new premises, location)
    the company that moved us la firme qui s'est chargée de ou qui a effectué notre déménagement;
    to move house déménager
    (e) (affect, touch) émouvoir;
    I was deeply moved j'ai été profondément ému ou touché;
    to move sb to anger provoquer la colère de qn;
    to move sb to tears émouvoir qn (jusqu')aux larmes;
    to move sb to pity exciter la pitié de qn
    (f) (motivate, prompt) pousser, inciter;
    to move sb to do sth pousser ou inciter qn à faire qch;
    what moved you to change your mind? qu'est-ce qui vous a fait changer d'avis?
    (g) (usu negative) (cause to yield) you won't move me tu ne me feras pas changer d'avis;
    nothing will move him il est inflexible;
    the Prime Minister will not be moved le Premier ministre ne cédera pas d'un pouce;
    we shall not be moved! nous ne céderons pas!
    (h) (propose) proposer;
    to move an amendment proposer un amendement;
    I move that we vote on it je propose que nous procédions au vote
    (i) Commerce (sell) écouler, vendre;
    we must move these goods quickly nous devons vendre ces marchandises rapidement
    to move one's bowels aller à la selle
    (a) (shift, change position) bouger;
    don't move! ne bougez pas!;
    I'm sure the curtains moved je suis sûr d'avoir vu les rideaux bouger;
    something moved in the bushes quelque chose a bougé dans les buissons;
    I was so scared I couldn't move j'étais pétrifié (de terreur);
    the train was so crowded, I could barely move le train était tellement bondé que je pouvais à peine bouger ou faire un mouvement;
    you can't move for furniture in their flat il y a tellement de meubles dans leur appartement qu'il n'y a pas la place de se retourner;
    the handle won't move la poignée ne bouge pas;
    she wouldn't move out of my way elle ne voulait pas s'écarter de mon chemin;
    could you move so that we can get in? pourriez-vous vous pousser que nous puissions entrer?;
    the dancers move so elegantly les danceurs évoluent avec beaucoup de grâce
    (b) (be in motion → vehicle)
    the line of cars was moving slowly down the road la file de voitures avançait lentement le long de la route;
    wait till the car stops moving attends que la voiture soit arrêtée;
    I jumped off while the train was still moving j'ai sauté avant l'arrêt du train;
    the truck started moving backwards le camion a commencé à reculer
    the guests moved into/out of the dining room les invités passèrent dans/sortirent de la salle à manger;
    the depression is moving westwards la dépression se déplace vers l'ouest;
    the demonstrators were moving towards the embassy les manifestants se dirigeaient vers l'ambassade;
    the hands of the clock moved inexorably towards midnight les aiguilles de l'horloge s'approchaient inexorablement de minuit;
    small clouds moved across the sky de petits nuages traversaient le ciel;
    the earth moves round the sun la Terre tourne autour du Soleil;
    figurative public opinion is moving to the left/right l'opinion publique évolue vers la gauche/droite;
    to move in high circles fréquenter la haute société
    (d) (leave) partir;
    it's getting late, I ought to be or get moving il se fait tard, il faut que j'y aille ou que je parte
    (e) (in games → player) jouer; (→ piece) se déplacer;
    you can't move until you've thrown a six on ne peut pas jouer avant d'avoir fait sortir ou d'avoir amené un six;
    Chess white to move and mate in three les blancs jouent et font mat en trois coups;
    Chess pawns can't move backwards les pions ne peuvent pas reculer
    (f) (to new premises, location) déménager;
    when are you moving? quand est-ce que vous déménagez?;
    when are you moving to your new apartment? quand est-ce que vous emménagez dans votre nouvel appartement?;
    she's moving to San Francisco elle va habiter (à) San Francisco;
    the company has moved to more modern premises la société s'est installée dans des locaux plus modernes
    (g) (change job, profession)
    he's moved to a job in publishing il travaille maintenant dans l'édition
    (h) (develop, progress) avancer, progresser;
    things have started moving now les choses ont commencé à avancer;
    to get things moving faire avancer les choses
    (i) familiar (travel fast) filer, foncer;
    that car can really move! cette voiture a quelque chose dans le ventre!;
    she's really moving now maintenant elle fonce vraiment
    if you want to succeed now is the time to move si vous voulez réussir, il vous faut agir maintenant ou dès à présent;
    the town council moved to have the school closed down la municipalité a pris des mesures pour faire fermer l'école;
    I'll get moving on it first thing tomorrow je m'en occuperai demain à la première heure
    (k) (yield) céder;
    they won't move on the question of compensation ils ne céderont ou ne fléchiront pas sur la question des compensations
    (l) Commerce (sell) se vendre, s'écouler;
    the new model isn't moving very quickly le nouveau modèle ne se vend pas très vite
    have your bowels moved today? êtes-vous allé à la selle aujourd'hui?
    to be on the move être en déplacement;
    he's a travelling salesman, so he's always on the move c'est un représentant de commerce, voilà pourquoi il est toujours en déplacement ou il est toujours par monts et par vaux;
    the enemy forces on the move les colonnes ennemies en marche ou en mouvement;
    I've been on the move all day je n'ai pas arrêté de la journée;
    we're a firm on the move nous sommes une entreprise dynamique
    se déplacer, bouger;
    I can hear somebody moving about upstairs j'entends des bruits de pas là-haut;
    it's hard to move about on crutches c'est dur de se déplacer avec des béquilles
    déplacer;
    they keep moving her around from one department to another ils n'arrêtent pas de la faire passer d'un service à l'autre
    (a) (to make room) se déplacer, se pousser;
    move along and let the old lady sit down poussez-vous un peu pour laisser la vieille dame s'asseoir
    (b) (leave) partir, s'en aller;
    I ought to be moving along il faut que je m'en aille;
    the policeman told us to move along le policier nous a dit de circuler;
    move along please! circulez, s'il vous plaît!
    moving along to my next question pour passer à ma question suivante;
    the procession moved along painfully slowly le cortège avançait ou progressait terriblement lentement
    (bystanders, busker) faire circuler
    (a) (go in opposite direction) s'éloigner, partir;
    he held out his arms to her but she moved away il lui tendit les bras mais elle s'éloigna;
    the train moved slowly away le train partit lentement
    (b) (change address) déménager;
    her best friend moved away sa meilleure amie a déménagé
    éloigner
    (a) (back away) reculer
    they've moved back to the States ils sont retournés habiter ou ils sont rentrés aux États-Unis
    (a) (push back → person, crowd) repousser; (→ chair) reculer
    you can change the furniture around as long as you move it back afterwards vous pouvez déplacer les meubles à condition de les remettre ensuite à leur place ou là où ils étaient
    (a) (from higher level, floor, position) descendre;
    School he moved down a class on l'a fait descendre d'une classe;
    the team moved down to the fourth division l'équipe est descendue en quatrième division
    (b) (make room) se pousser;
    move down, there's plenty of room inside poussez-vous, il y a de la place à l'intérieur
    move down the bus, please avancez jusqu'au fond de l'autobus, s'il vous plaît
    (from higher level, floor, position) descendre;
    School he was moved down a class on l'a fait passer dans la classe inférieure;
    move this section down mettez cette section plus bas
    avancer
    avancer;
    she moved the clock forward one hour elle a avancé l'horloge d'une heure
    move in
    (a) (into new home, premises) emménager;
    his mother-in-law has moved in with them sa belle-mère s'est installée ou est venue habiter chez eux
    (b) (close in, approach) avancer, s'approcher;
    the police began to move in on the demonstrators la police a commencé à avancer ou à se diriger vers les manifestants;
    the camera then moves in on the bed la caméra s'approche ensuite du lit
    another gang is trying to move in un autre gang essaie de mettre la main sur l'affaire;
    the unions moved in and stopped the strike les syndicats prirent les choses en main et mirent un terme à la grève;
    the market changed when the multinationals moved in le marché a changé quand les multinationales ont fait leur apparition
    (a) (install → furniture) installer;
    the landlord moved another family in le propriétaire a loué à une autre famille
    (b) (send → troops) envoyer;
    troops were moved in by helicopter les troupes ont été transportées par hélicoptère
    s'éloigner, partir;
    the train finally moved off le train partit ou s'ébranla enfin
    move on
    (a) (proceed on one's way) poursuivre son chemin;
    we spent a week in Athens, then we moved on to Crete on a passé une semaine à Athènes avant de partir pour la Crète;
    a policeman told me to move on un policier m'a dit de circuler
    (b) (progress → to new job, new subject etc)
    she's moved on to better things elle a trouvé une meilleure situation;
    after five years in the same job I feel like moving on après avoir occupé le même emploi pendant cinq ans, j'ai envie de changer d'air;
    technology has moved on since then la technologie a évolué depuis;
    can we move on to the second point? pouvons-nous passer au deuxième point?
    (bystanders, busker) faire circuler
    (a) (of home, premises) déménager;
    when are you moving out of your room? quand est-ce que tu déménages de ou tu quittes ta chambre?;
    his girlfriend has moved out sa petite amie ne vit plus avec lui
    (b) Military (troops) se retirer
    Military (troops) retirer;
    the troops will be moved out les troupes se retireront;
    people were moved out of their homes to make way for the new road les gens ont dû quitter leur maison pour permettre la construction de la nouvelle route
    (a) (make room) se pousser;
    move over and let me sit down pousse-toi pour que je puisse m'asseoir
    (b) (stand down → politician) se désister;
    it's time he moved over to make way for a younger man il serait temps qu'il laisse la place à un homme plus jeune
    we're moving over to mass production nous passons à la fabrication en série
    move up
    (a) (to make room) se pousser;
    move up and let me sit down pousse-toi pour que je puisse m'asseoir
    (b) (to higher level, floor, position) monter; (in company) avoir de l'avancement;
    School to move up a class passer dans la classe supérieure;
    you've moved up in the world! tu en as fait du chemin!
    (c) Military (troops) avancer;
    our battalion's moving up to the front notre bataillon monte au front
    (d) Stock Exchange (shares) se relever, reprendre;
    shares moved up three points today les actions ont gagné trois points aujourd'hui
    (a) (to make room) pousser, écarter
    (b) (to higher level, floor, position) faire monter;
    School he's been moved up a class on l'a fait passer dans la classe supérieure;
    move this section up mettez cette section plus haut
    (c) Military (troops) faire avancer;
    another division has been moved up une autre division a été envoyée sur place

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